Bias indicator



Patented Sept. 6, 1949 BIAS, INDICATOR Reginald G. Schuler;Crystal-make; nnassigme to Teletype; Gm'poration Ghicagge; Bl, a; cor.-

porationrof Delaware "Application March" 11, 1948; SeriaPNo. H300 Thisinvention relates to tel egraph .testingsystems, and more pazrtieularlyto telegraph testing apparatus-employing aecathode ray tube -to-indicatethe-amount of bias-or distortion present inthe -transmission= ottelegraph signals.

It is anobject of theinvention to provide a telegraph system using thefive-unit telegraph permutation code signal combination witha-cathoderay bias indicator todmlicate the bias or distortion present inthe-transmission of signal impulsechangesfrom marling to spacing, and,vice versa. 7 1

Another objeetoi theinaventionds to provide a telegraph testingapparatus employing a simplifie d? circuit to givean accurate indicationof any distortion of signal impulsesi.

These-and=other objects of the invention are accomplished -by providing'a-cathode ray bias in- L Glainn (Cl. 31:5 -24? the secondaryc coil;tazsuppliesspctential;tea gri zein 3a gasrtube: oscillator 21k which"controls the electron emission .f'ronna; cathode: Zhdnthe: tube.

dicator with a cathode=ray tube having a screen upon which the changesor transitions between impulses of different nature appear as luminousspots, An electron-beam sweeps acrossthescreenin a spirarmanner; makingone convoluti'onfor eachimpulse-of the code combination. If there isnodistortion- 'of signaI- impulses, the luminous spots appear.ina1singleiradial line. Any distortion present. is: evidenced by deviationof: the spots from said radial line, whichdistortionde viation isreach-on ascal'e placect upon the tube face;

These and other features of the invention will more fully appear fromthe following detailed description taken inconnection with theaccompanying drawing, in which:

Fig; 1-isacircu-it diagramof the cathode ray bias indicator;

Fig. 2 is a graphical representation of markingspacing: impulses a.start stoppermutation code signal combination; and;- V

Fig. 3 is a. diagrammatic view showing the path of impingement'of theelectron beam upon the screen of the cathode ray: tube obtainediwith theapparatus of. Fig. 1.

Referring; now. toEig. I wherein the circuit: of the: testing apparatus,is shown; the reference numer'al. l l .designatesthat partxoifthedetectingcircuit. through. which...the.. signals: are received.Connected to the circuit I l by conductors l2 and I3 are two primarycoils l4 and I5 of iron core transformers l6 and 11, respectively. Thesignals introduced from input circuit l l into coils l4 and are inducedinto the secondary coils l8 and I9, which are connected to an electricalsource of power through adjustable resistances 2i and 22, respectively.The current from 24 the cathode-2m beingdinectly heatedgbycurrent froman electrical sourceilflithrough an adjustable resi'st'ance-- 2 6t- Theother -secondary coils t9 transmits. sign-al cur-rent to-a-g rid 2hirmmodea2l through-1a; circuit comprising afixeds'resistorimimparallelwith.

the coil l 9 andl-aoondenserr3nrwhiclm is in series.

with tlie 29; T Q tIiiOQG-E ZB halS, a cath-- ode 3 which is: energizedithe: electrical source wry: means ofram adjustable resistanc 3-2;theemiseiomot electrons from the: ca hode 3| beingicontnollembyithagrid: 23:. The op ra,- tiorrof tlie tube. zasisrinsfluencedi thetransiticns in line currentiwhichoccurwhen there is a c liange fromaemarkingasiglnal in .3: spacing signal andfivice versaaridsthissnesultsiizr a shortipositive impulse heinglappliedltOCaPmm33'iOft1-LQ tube 2-8.

Referringi'backmo theegasstllbfi 7A.;upon initiationaot a series or?ccdezcombination of; impulses into the inputL-circuit: i lethazgrid;Z3;- is energized tocontrotithes passage? qfifcurrentc-from the, oathode2s5i to-iazplatelsfii ob 2.4, which plat receivese a pctentiahironsethe: electrica-L- source 20,- throughi:amadjustableresistancefifis and:a, resist.- ancedifi'iwhichsis ineser'i'es mtlrtheaplate 3.4. Thecathode plate circuitzof theigasetuhefl 4; includes a condenser 3;lwhiorrisrconnected in harallelwith the cathode zfiilandzthe plate-34s..The inclusion oi the-condensen flisemes tosva iry the current flowintheitube Mrsosthatmhe resultantcoutput fromv pl ate :3 thisiHlthHifiQrmzOflfifiSEW tooth-wave:

Thezoutpntioit the osci llatortube; 24 is impressed upcm agrids38eotamoscil latois converter tube I 3 it; theeplatevfli or tube:Msheing connected: to: the gridi: through. the. adjustable resistor" 31%and 'a' conductor wi converter tube 39: has a g-rid M wliieh is suppliedwith oscillat-irlg. current from an oscillation'coiii wwhich' isenergized from the electrieal source it througih anadjustableresistance43i A A tim-ing con'denser 'll fiisconnected parallel withthe-oscillator coir 42' which has a:ta-plF-talwrr 01?its irridpoi-ntto-thecathod'e ce the 385* The current-flow through the 39 fiom the'cathode-46 m a plate 4;! is controlled by the grid- 4'! wl'i-iehresul-tsin an- "audiofrequency wave and this in turn is modulated by a saw toothbias from the grid 38, the resultant current issuing forth from theoscillator converter tube 39 as an audio frequency wave modulated by asaw tooth bias. 7

A transformer 48 has its primary coil 49 connected to the plate 41 ofthe oscillator converter Patentedsep'tt UNITED STATES PATENT OFFlCE'nus'rrno'rs i i r iunmoan'rs l I I Q hard P. Pill, Alton, IlL,assignors'to Shell De velopment Gompany, San Francisco, Call!" acorporation oi' Delaware Application September 27, 1940, Serial No.699,644

7 Claims. (CL 252-48-6) The present invention relates to compositionshaving anti-corrosive, and especially rust-protective properties. Moreparticularly, it deals with compositions comprising certain esters ofpolybasic organic acids containing a minor amount of organic acid-actingmaterials which are highly effective corrosion inhibitors when used incombination with such esters.

Metallic surfaces, particularly those containing iron, requireprotection against corrosion in the presence of water. To illustrate:Moisture readily attacks finished or semi-finished metal objects unlessthe metal surface is covered during storage or shipment by a protectivecoating such as a slushing oil; water in engine lubricants oftencorrodes closely fitted engine parts such as found in Diesel engines;water in turbines corrodes turbine lubricant circulatory systems,particularly the governor mechanisms of steam'turbines.

Corrosion not only has a deleterious effect upon the metal surfaces, butalso frequently forms finely divided metal oxides which may act asoxidation catalysts, increasing the rate of deterioration of variousorganic compounds with which they come in contact, or may enter betweenmoving parts of machinery where they act as abrasives.

It is an object of this invention to provide effectivecorrosion-protective compositions of wide applicalbility. Another objectof this invention is to produce lubricant oils and greases havingimproved corrosion-protective properties. A specific purpose of thisinvention is to produce rust-protective compositions comprising as themajor lubricating base, esters of poly-basic organic acids as moreparticularly defined hereinafter.

The corrosion and rust problems involved when using compositionscomprising these esters differ considerably from those which must be metwhen mineral oil lubricants are'employed. In the latter case, themineral oils, being substantially completely immiscible with water, haveno tendency to absorb moisture from the surrounding atmosphere. Theesters on the other hand, absorb moisture to an appreciable extent, thuspromoting intimate contact between the latter and the metal beinglubricated by them. Corrosion is thus promoted by the ordinary use ofesters as lubricants, rather than discouraged, as in the case of mineraloils.

Moreover, the class of esters described herein, being of relatively highmolecular weight, inherently act as protective colloids, and therebymask the action of most of the ordinary rust inhibitors various rustinhibitors for mineral oil lubricants.

while amounts of 0.001% to 0.1% of an inhibitor may provide excellentrust prevention in a mineral oil base composition, lik compositionsbased upon the subject esters are unsatisfactory from the stand-point ofrusting, and corrosion.

Up to the present time, while certain esters of polybasicaorganic acidshave found use as lubricants, no suitable means has been found formaking such substances rust-resistant, this in spite of the extensivedisclosure and knowledge of lit-[(510 ORIRI wherein n is an integer, R1,R2 and R3 are organic radicals (especially hydrocarbon radicals) havingmore than two carbon atoms, and R4 and R5 are substituents such ashydrogens or organic radicals (especially hydrocarbon radicals), may

be made substantially rust-protective by the inuseful in mineral oilcompositions. Consequently, to

clusion or incorporation of a minor amount of an organic acid actingmaterial capable of forming water-insoluble metallic soaps. Preferably,the acid is insoluble in water.

Further, in accordance with this invention, it has been found that theaction of such acidic materials as rust inhibitors is promoted by theaddition of a small amount of salts and esters of monobasic organicacids.

The subject ester lubricants include both monomers and polymers.Preferably, especially when the esters are to be used as the principalingredients of lubricating compositions they have a high viscosity indexand a low pour point. Alternatively, the consistency, pour point, etc.,may be suitably modified by the addition of thickeners, or other agentsaffecting the properties of the esters. The esters which meet theseconditions most satisfactorily are those in which R1 is a hydrocarbonradical having from 4 to 12 carbon atoms, while those in which R1 is ahydrocarbon of 4 to 8 carbon atoms give the best over-all results. Ofthis group, those in which R1 is a saturated aliphatic radical are themost stable, although unsaturated radicals of either olefinic oraromatic character form esters which also are suitable for use aslubricant base.

The monomers of preferred structure are those in which R1 is a saturatedaliphatic radical having less, than 2 side chains. These are the estersof dicarboxylic acids, theoretically formed by the replacement of 2hydrogens of a saturated hydrocarbon with two ester groups. Those inwhich the ester groups are terminals on opposite ends of the moleculeform excellent lubricants, especially when R1 has from 4 to 8 carbonatoms. These include the esters of acids having the general formulaCOOK! 12 r-Rl where R1 is a saturated aliphatic radical having acid,isopropylglutaric acid, butylglutaric acid, its

isomers, amylglutaric acid and its isomers, di-

methylglutaric acid, methylethylglutaric acid, methylpropylglutaricacid, methylbutylglutaric acid and its isomers, diethylglutaric acid,and ethylpropylglutaric acid. 1

When R1 contains 4 carbons in a straight chain, the esters are basedupon the adipic acid series, such as adipic acid, z-methyladipic acid,2-ethyladipic acid, z-propyladipic acids, Z-butyladipic acids,2,2-dimethyladipic acid, 2,3-dimethyladipic acid, 2-methyl-2-ethyladipicacid, 2-methy1-3- ethyladipic acid, 2-methy1-2-isopropyladipic acid,etc.

The esters of pimelic acid derivatives, in which R5 contains a straightchain of 5 carbon atoms, also fall within this preferred group. Theseesters are formed from such acids as pimelic acid, 2- or B-methylpimelicacid, 2- or 3-ethylpimelic acid, 2- or 3-propylpimelic acid, 2- or3-'isopropylpimelic acid, 2,2- or 2,3-dimethylpimelic acid, or2-methyl-2-ethylpimelie acid, 2-inethyl-3-ethylpimelic acid,3-methyl-3-ethylpimelicacid, 2-

ethyl-B-methylpimelic acid, 2,2,3 -trimethylpimelic acid;2,3,4-trimethylpimelic acid, etc.

If the group R1 has a straight chain of 6 carbon atoms, the esters thenare derived from suberic acid, including suberic acid itself, methylorethylsuberic acids, in which the methyl or ethyl groups may be inpositions 2,3,4 or 5; and methylethylsuberic acids, wherein the methyland ethyl groups are in positions 2,3,4 or 5. When R1 either has 7 or 8carbon atoms in a straight chain, the esters are based upon azelaicacid, methylazelaic acids, or sebacic acid.

While esters based upon the above acids are preferred, higher acids areuseful for special purposes. In' such cases R1 may be a straight orbranched chain, but preferably is a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbonradical. I

Other useful esters are derived from acids in which R1 is represented bythe general formula 1 its? in which n is an integer. Ra, Ra, R4 and R0are organic radicals (preferably hydrocarbon radicals), R4 and R5 areeither hydrogen or organic radicals and X is oxygen, sulfur, selenium,teliurium or nitrogen. when esters of dibasic acids oi this type formthe base of the corrosion protective composition, it is preferred that xis oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, n is 1, R4 and R5 are hydrogens and Reand R: are similar or dissimilar (the former is preferred) saturatedhydrocarbon radicals, each having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms.

Hence, acids of the above type include the preferred general types ofesters:

O 0 OR 0 00B (i a) Bah-u yp A) ype alkali salt of an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid with an alphaor beta-monochloro or monobromo fatty acid.The two substituents attached to the oxygen atom may be similar ordissimilar. preferably the former. The acid ether thus formed is thenesteri'fled to give the base for the compositions of the presentinvention. Formula type B above includes esters of acid thioethers suchas alpha, alpha'- myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachic behenic acidsulfides. Type C esters are preferably tertiary amine derivatives,especially when they are anilino, toluidino or xylidino dialpha fattyacid esters.

Two other types of esters comprise suitable 'bases for thesubjectcorrosion-protective compositions. These have the generalformulas:

R C00Ra In type D esters, R1, Ra, R4 and Rs are preferably saturatedaliphatic hydrocarbon radicals and R: is preferably the group CcH4-.Those esters found to comprise the most efficient corrosion-preventivebases have from 5 to 20 carbon atoms in groups R1 and Rs. Typical estershaving type D structure are derived from such acids asparaphenylene-dithio-alpha, alpha'-distearic acid.

Esters having the configuration type E include those in which X issulfur, selenium and tellurium, the R's are hydrocarbon radicals, m isan integerfrom Ito 8.pisanintegerfrom 1 to 9,

and

